STJ: Sentença estrangeira. Mudança de sexo.

SENTENÇA ESTRANGEIRA Nº 2.149 - IT (2006/0186695-0) REQUERENTE : F F DA S ADVOGADO : MARIA CÉLIA DE ARAÚJO DECISÃO Vistos, etc. 1. F F da S formulou pedido de homologação de sentença estrangeira, proferida em 23/03/2006 pelo Tribunal de Gênova, Itália, que determinou a retificação da atribuição do sexo na certidão de nascimento e a mudança do nome, após a realização de cirurgia para mudança de sexo. O requerente juntou aos autos a documentação necessária: procuração (fl. 4); cópia autenticada do inteiro teor da sentença homologanda (fls. 19/30), devidamente chancelada pelo consulado brasileiro em Milão (30-verso) e respectiva tradução (fls. 15/19); a prova do trânsito em julgado (fl. 47). O Ministério Público Federal, na pessoa do Subprocurador-Geral da República Edson Oliveira de Almeida, opina pelo deferimento da homologação (fls. 53/58). Decido. 2. A jurisprudência brasileira vem admitindo a retificação do registro civil de transexual, a fim de adequar o assento de nascimento à situação decorrente da realização de cirurgia para mudança de sexo. Conforme consignado no parecer ministerial, nesse sentido há acórdãos proferidos por vários Tribunais pátrios, dentre eles os Tribunais estaduais de Pernambuco, Amapá, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul e São Paulo, sendo proveniente deste último decisum prolatado na Apelação Cível nº 165.157-4/5, Relator Desembargador Boris Kaufmann, julgada em 22/3/2001, do qual se extraem os seguintes excertos: "É verdade que essa desconformidade entre o prenome e o aspecto físico somente surgiu em razão das modificações provocadas pela cirurgia plástica e pela forma do autor se vestir e agir no meio social. Mas, como salientou a magistrada citada, 'manter-se um ser amorfo, por um lado mulher, psíquica e anatomicamente reajustada, e por outro lado homem, juridicamente, em nada contribuiria para a preservação da ordem social e da moral, parecendo-nos muito pelo contrário um fator de instabilidade para todos aqueles que com ela contactassem, quer nas relações pessoais, sociais e profissionais, além de constituir solução amarga, destrutiva, incompatível com a vida' (transcrição de Antonio Chaves in 'Direito à vida e ao próprio corpo', 1994, pág. 160). Portanto, ainda que não se admita o erro, não se pode negar que, com o aspecto hoje apresentado pelo autor, o prenome 'Adão' o expõe a ridículo, autorizada a sua modificação pelo art. 55, parágrafo único, combinado com o art. 109, ambos da Lei n. 6515, de 31 de dezembro de 1973, inexistindo qualquer indicação de que a alteração objetive atingir direitos de terceiros. E, tendo em vista que o autor vem utilizando o prenome 'Lucimara' para se identificar, razoável a sua adoção no assento de nascimento, seguida do sobrenome familiar. A alteração da indicação do sexo necessita exame mais cuidadoso. (...) omissis Como o erro no assento não existiu, em princípio a alteração não seria possível. No entanto, não se pode ignorar a advertência feita pelo magistrado Ênio Santarelli Zuliani, em brilhante voto vencido proferido na Apelação Cível n. 052.672-4/6, da Comarca de Sorocaba: 'Como a função política do Juiz é de buscar soluções satisfatórias para o usuário da jurisdição - sem prejuízo do grupo em que vive -, a sua resposta deve chegar o mais próximo permitido da fruição dos direitos básicos do cidadão (art. 5°, X, da Constituição da República), eliminando proposições discriminatórias, como a de manter, contra as evidências admitidas até por crianças inocentes, erro na conceituação do sexo predominante do transexual'. E, mais adiante, aludindo à dubiedade existente no portador da síndrome de identidade sexual, acrescenta: 'A medicina poderá aliviar o peso da dubiedade, com técnicas cirúrgicas. O Estado confia que o sistema legal é apto a fornecer a saída honrosa e deve assumir uma posição que valoriza a conquista da felicidade ('soberana é a vida, não a lei', Min. Sálvio de Figueiredo Teixeira, in 'O aprimoramento do Processo Civil como pressuposto de uma justiça melhor', AJURIS 57/80), quando livre da ameaça de criar-se exceção ao controle da paz social'. A tendência que se observa no mundo é a de alterar-se o registro adequando-se o sexo jurídico ao sexo aparente. O jornal 'EI Mundo', edição de 18 de março de 2000, anunciou: 'Um juez ordena el cambio de nombre del primer transexual operado por la Seguridade Social'. Embora a manchete aluda apenas à mudança do nome, a alteração envolveu também o sexo, esclarecendo que o Juizado n. 21, de Primeira Instância de Sevilha - Espanha, ordenou a alteração do nome e do sexo de Suzana G. G., o primeiro transexual operado na Espanha pela Previdência Social, acrescentando: 'La sentença recoge que há quedado debidamente acreditado que Susana, antes Antonio, há 'assumido y ejercitado desde su infância roles claramente femeninos', que solo se han manifestado em su comportamiento, relaciones, o forma de vestir, sino que incluso lé llevaron a 'intentos de mutilación por la adversion y repugnância que sentida hacia sus órganos genitales masculinos, existiendo uma disociatión entre tales órganos y sus sentimientos' (...) Já na Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem, adotada e proclamada pela Resolução 217 A (III) da Assembléia Geral das Nações Unidas em 10 de dezembro de 1948, afirmava-se que a dignidade é inerente a todos os membros da família humana. E a Constituição em vigor inclui, entre os direitos individuais, a inviolabilidade da intimidade, da vida privada, da honra e da imagem das pessoas (art. 5°, X). Reside aqui o fundamento legal autorizador da mudança do sexo jurídico, pois sem ela, ofendida estará a intimidade do autor, bem como sua honra. O constrangimento, a cada vez que se identifica, afastou o autor de atos absolutamente normais em qualquer indivíduo, pelo medo da chacota. A busca da felicidade, que é direito de qualquer ser humano, acabou comprometida. Essa preocupação é que levou esta 5ª Câmara de Direito Privado a admitir a alteração do nome e do sexo no assento de nascimento de H. D. B., também transexual primário. Afirmou o acórdão - que curiosamente manteve a indicação de 'transexual' como sendo o sexo do registrado - que "não se pode deixar de reconhecer ao autor o direito de viver como ser humano que é, amoldando-se à sociedade em que quer fazer parte. E não quer viver o autor como marginalizado, como discriminado, num estado de anomia e anomalia. Ele quer simplesmente merecer o respeito de sua individualidade, de ser cidadão, um indivíduo comum' (Apelação Cível n. 86.851.4/7, de São José do Rio Pardo, reI. Des. Rodrigues de Carvalho). E tem levado o Tribunal de Justiça do Rio Grande do Sul ao mesmo caminho (RTJRGS 195/356; Apel. Cível 59517893, reI. Des. João Selistre, julgado em 28/12/95 pela 3ª Câmara Cível (...).” Na hipótese dos autos, consoante a tradução oficial de fl. 17, está assinalado na sentença homologanda que, considerando os resultados da instrução realizada, "estamos perante um caso típico de transexualismo de homem para mulher em pessoa já socialmente inserida como mulher, com a conseqüência que 'o tratamento cirúrgico de adaptação da soma parece útil e necessária com o objetivo de dar ao interessado uma identidade de gênero que lhe permita resolver a grave dicotomia em sua personalidade, com a possibilidade de garantir-lhe uma vida mais serena e de favorecer sua integração social em sintonia com sua tendência natural.” Tal fundamentação coaduna-se, portanto, com a orientação traçada pela jurisprudência pátria, revelando-se, assim, razão suficiente a ensejar o acolhimento da pretensão deduzida na peça exordial. Dessa forma, restam atendidos os pressupostos indispensáveis ao deferimento do pleito; além do mais, a pretensão não ofende a soberania, a ordem pública ou os bons costumes (art. 17 da LICC c/c arts. 5º e 6º da Resolução/STJ nº 9/2005). Posto isso, homologo a sentença estrangeira. Expeça-se a carta de sentença. Brasília, 04 de dezembro de 2006. MINISTRO BARROS MONTEIRO Presidente (Ministro BARROS MONTEIRO, 11/12/2006)

Projeto de Lei Uruguaia sobre Identidade de Gênero e troca de nome e sexo em documentos identificatórios

DERECHO A LA IDENTIDAD DE GÉNERO Y AL CAMBIO DE
NOMBRE Y SEXO EN DOCUMENTOS IDENTIFICATORIOS

N o r m a s

TEXTO APROBADO

Artículo 1º. (Derecho a la identidad de género).- Toda persona tiene derecho al libre desarrollo de su personalidad conforme a su propia identidad de género, con independencia de cuál sea su sexo biológico, genético, anatómico, morfológico, hormonal, de asignación u otro.

Este derecho incluye el de ser identificado de forma que se reconozca plenamente la identidad de género propia y la consonancia entre esta identidad y el nombre y sexo señalado en los documentos identificatorios de la persona, sean las actas del Registro de Estado Civil, los documentos de identidad, electorales, de viaje u otros.

Artículo 2º. (Legitimación).- Toda persona podrá solicitar la adecuación de la mención registral de su nombre, sexo, o ambos, cuando los mismos no coincidan con su identidad de género.

Artículo 3º. (Requisitos).- Se hará lugar a la adecuación registral de la mención del nombre y en su caso del sexo toda vez que la persona solicitante acredite:

1)	Que el nombre, el sexo -o ambos- consignados en el acta de nacimiento del Registro de Estado Civil son discordantes con su propia identidad de género.
2)	La estabilidad y persistencia de esta disonancia durante al menos dos años, de acuerdo con los procedimientos establecidos en la presente ley.

En ningún caso se exigirá cirugía de reasignación sexual para la concesión de la adecuación registral de la mención del nombre o del sexo que fuere disonante de la identidad de género de la persona a que se hace referencia en dicho documento.

Cuando la persona haya procedido a la cirugía de reasignación sexual, no le será necesario acreditar el extremo previsto en el numeral 2) del presente artículo.

Artículo 4º. (Procedimiento y competencia).- La adecuación de la mención registral del nombre y del sexo será de iniciativa personal del titular de los mismos.

Producida la adecuación registral, ésta no podrá incoarse nuevamente hasta pasados cinco años, en cuyo caso se vuelve al nombre original.

Se tramitará ante los Juzgados Letrados de Familia, mediante el proceso voluntario previsto por el artículo 406.2 del Código General del Proceso (artículo 69 de la Ley Nº 15.750, de 24 de junio de 1985, con la modificación introducida por el artículo 374 de la Ley Nº 16.320, de 1º de noviembre de 1992).

La presentación de la demanda deberá estar acompañada de un informe técnico del equipo multidisciplinario y especializado en identidad de género y diversidad que se constituirá a estos efectos en la Dirección General del Registro de Estado Civil.

Sin perjuicio de los demás medios de prueba que pudiera aportar el interesado, se tendrá especialmente en cuenta el testimonio de las personas que conocen la forma de vida cotidiana del solicitante y la de los profesionales que lo han atendido desde el punto de vista social, mental y físico.

Una vez recaída la providencia que acoge la solicitud de adecuación, el Juzgado competente oficiará a la Dirección General del Registro de Estado Civil, a la Intendencia Departamental respectiva, a la Dirección Nacional de Identificación Civil del Ministerio del Interior, al Registro Cívico Nacional de la Corte Electoral y a la Dirección General de Registros a fin que se efectúen las correspondientes modificaciones en los documentos identificatorios de la persona así como en los documentos que consignen derechos u obligaciones de la misma. En todos los casos se conservará el mismo número de documento de identidad, pasaporte y credencial cívica.

Artículo 5º. (Efectos).-

1)	La resolución que autorice la rectificación de la mención registral del nombre y en su caso del sexo, tendrá efectos constitutivos a partir de la fecha en que se haga efectivo dicho cambio en la partida de nacimiento.
	Frente a terceros, la inscripción del acto que corresponda registrar en la Dirección General de Registros, será oponible a partir de la fecha de su presentación al Registro.
2)	En ningún caso alterará la titularidad de los derechos y obligaciones jurídicas de la persona cuyo registro se modifica ni será oponible a terceros de buena fe.
3)	El cambio registral del sexo permitirá a la persona ejercer todos los derechos inherentes a su nueva condición.
4)	A los efectos registrales, el cambio de cualquier dato que incida en la identificación del sujeto conforme a esta ley, no implicará el cambio de la titularidad jurídica de los actos inscriptos en la Dirección General de Registros. A estos efectos, el Registro siempre considerará la rectificación como un acto modificativo que deberá vincularse con la inscripción anterior.

Artículo 6º. (Comisión Honoraria contra el Racismo, la Xenofobia y toda otra forma de Discriminación).- La Comisión Honoraria contra el Racismo, la Xenofobia y toda otra forma de Discriminación (Ley Nº 17.817, de 6 de setiembre de 2004) tendrá a su cargo brindar asesoramiento y acompañamiento profesional a las personas que deseen ampararse en esta ley.

Artículo 7º. (Del matrimonio).- Esta ley no modifica el régimen matrimonial vigente regulado por el Código Civil y sus leyes complementarias.

Senado vuelve a enviar proyectos a comisión y aprobó identidad de género

Disponível em: http://www.elpais.com.uy/091012/

Acesso em: 12.10.2009, às 00H15

El Senado de la República realiza hoy una sesión extraordinaria, tras haberse cancelado el último llamado por falta de quórum.

Una gran aglomeración de taxis se reunió fuera del Palacio Legislativo ante el tratamiento que haría la Cámara de la ley que establece el fideicomiso para el sector. Finalmente, los senadores decidieron enviar el proyecto de nuevo a comisión para su estudio, por lo que los integrantes de la patronal del taxi, dejaron su manifestación de lado.

Además, el proyecto de abreviación de Procesos Laborales, que también se trató hoy, fue enviado nuevamente a Comisión.

En la agenda de los legisladores estaba también la discusión sobre el seguro de paro para los trabajadores de Dancotex, que se aprobó por 22 votos en 22.

Además, se discutió y aprobó por unanimidad, las normas relativas a la identidad de género, cambio de nombre y sexo y la creación de un Sistema Nacional de Emergencias en forma permanente.

El proyecto de ley que regula el Procedimiento de Fijación de Variables que afectan la Cadena Productiva del Sector Avícola también fue aprobado, aunque por 21 votos en 22, y ahora pasa a Diputados para su discusión.

Además se aprobaron las rendiciones de cuentas del Senado y de la Comisión Administrativa.

Disponível em: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/Acts/acts2004/en/ukpgaen_20040007_en_1
Acesso em: 09.10.2009, às 21H15

	Explanatory Notes to Gender Recognition Act2004 Chapter 7
© Crown Copyright 2004 Explanatory Notes to Acts of the UK Parliament are subject to Crown Copyright protection. They may be reproduced free of charge provided that they are reproduced accurately and that the source and copyright status of the material is made evident to users. It should be noted that the right to reproduce the text of these Explanatory Notes does not extend to the Queen's Printer imprints which should be removed from any copies of the Explanatory Notes which are issued or made available to the public. This includes reproduction of the Notes on the internet and on intranet sites. The Royal Arms may be reproduced only where they are an integral part of the original document. The text of this internet version of the Explanatory Notes which is published by the Queen's Printer of Acts of Parliament has been prepared to reflect the text in printed form and as published by The Stationery Office Limited as the Gender Recognition Act, ISBN 0105607045. The print version may be purchased by clicking here. Braille copies of the Explanatory Notes can also be purchased at the same price as the print edition by contacting TSO Customer Services on 0870 600 5522 or e-mail: customer.services@tso.co.uk. Further information about the publication of legislation on this website can be found by referring to the Frequently Asked Questions. To ensure fast access over slow connections, large documents have been segmented into "chunks". Where you see a "continue" button at the bottom of the page of text, this indicates that there is another chunk of text available.
These notes refer to the Gender Recognition Act 2004 (c.7) which received Royal Assent on 1 July 2004 GENDER RECOGNITION ACT EXPLANATORY NOTES INTRODUCTION 1.     These explanatory notes relate to the Gender Recognition Act which received Royal Assent on 1 July 2004. They have been prepared by the Department for Constitutional Affairs to assist the reader in understanding the Act. They do not form part of the Act and have not been endorsed by Parliament. 2.     The notes need to be read in conjunction with the Act. They are not, and are not meant to be, a comprehensive description of the Act. So where a section or part of a section does not seem to require any explanation or comment, none is given. SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND 3.     The purpose of the Gender Recognition Act is to provide transsexual people with legal recognition in their acquired gender. Legal recognition will follow from the issue of a full gender recognition certificate by a Gender Recognition Panel. Before issuing a certificate, the Panel must be satisfied that the applicant: has, or has had, gender dysphoria, has lived in the acquired gender throughout the preceding two years, and intends to continue to live in the acquired gender until death. Where applicants have been recognised under the law of another country or territory as having changed gender, the Panel need only be satisfied that the country or territory in question has been approved by the Secretary of State. 4.     In practical terms, legal recognition will have the effect that, for example, a male-to-female transsexual person will be legally recognised as a woman in English law. On the issue of a full gender recognition certificate, the person will be entitled to a new birth certificate reflecting the acquired gender (provided a UK birth register entry already exists for the person) and will be able to marry someone of the opposite gender to his or her acquired gender. 5.     Under the previous law, transsexual people were not recognised in their acquired gender under the law of any part of the United Kingdom. Although transsexual people could obtain some official documents in their new name and gender, they could not obtain new birth certificates or enjoy any rights confined by law to people of the gender to which they feel they belong. For instance, they could not marry in their acquired gender. These issues were first considered by an Interdepartmental Working Group convened in 1999. The Government announced its intention to bring forward legislation in this area on 13th December 2002. A draft Bill was published on 11th July 2003, and underwent pre-legislative scrutiny by the Joint Committee on Human Rights. 6.     On 11th July 2002, the European Court of Human Rights delivered its judgements in the case of Goodwin v The United Kingdom and I v The United Kingdom (2002) 35 EHRR 18. The Court found that the UK had breached the Convention rights of these two transsexual people, under Articles 8 (the right to respect for private life) and 12 (the right to marry). The UK Government has a positive obligation under international law to secure the Convention rights and freedoms and must rectify these ongoing breaches. 7.     On 10th April 2003, the House of Lords gave judgment in the case of Bellinger v Bellinger [2003] 2 All ER 593. Mrs. Bellinger, a male-to-female transsexual person, was seeking legal recognition of her 1981 marriage to a man. Their Lordships were sympathetic to Mrs Bellinger's plight but ruled that the marriage was void. They declared that section 11(c) of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 was incompatible with the Human Rights Act 1998. The result of this was that legislation was needed to enable transsexual people to marry in their new gender. THE ACT 8.     In the Act: sections 1 to 8, and Schedules 1 and 2, establish a process for the issue of a gender recognition certificate, that is, for gaining recognition in the acquired gender. They create the Gender Recognition Panels and set out the requirements for making an application and the criteria by which the Panels will decide applications; sections 9 to 21, and Schedules 3 to 6, set out the consequences of the issue of a certificate. The general principle is that the transsexual person will for all purposes be regarded as being of the acquired gender. These sections go on to describe particular consequences in terms of the issue of a new birth certificate, marriage, parenthood, benefits and pensions, discrimination, inheritance, sport, gender-specific offences and foreign gender change; and sections 22 to 29 contain supplementary provisions. For example, they include a prohibition on disclosure of information relating to a person's application for a certificate or the gender history of a successful applicant. They also limit applications, for the first six months after the Act comes into force, to those transsexual people who have been living in the acquired gender for at least six years. As these applicants will have been living in the acquired gender for so long, the criteria to be applied are also slightly different. COMMENTARY ON SECTIONS Section 1: Applications 9.     This sets out who may apply for a gender recognition certificate and who determines that application. It also gives effect to Schedule 1. 10.     Under subsection (1) applications may be made by someone living in the other gender (subsection (1)(a)), or by someone who has changed gender in another jurisdiction (subsection (1)(b)). An applicant must be aged at least 18. 11.     Under subsection (3) a Gender Recognition Panel will determine an application for a gender recognition certificate. 12.     Subsection (4) gives effect to Schedule 1 which makes provisions for Gender Recognition Panels. The Panels will determine applications for gender recognition certificates. Paragraph 1 prescribes the eligibility criteria for the legal and medical members to be appointed by the Lord Chancellor, after consulting the Scottish Ministers and the Department of Finance and Personnel in Northern Ireland. Paragraph 2 provides that, after similar consultation, the Lord Chancellor must appoint one of the legal members as the President and one as the Vice-President. 13.     Paragraphs 4 and 5 of Schedule 1 set out the requirements for the constitution of individual Panels. An application under section 1(1)(a), on the basis of 'living in the other gender', must be determined by a Panel including at least one legal and one medical member. Any other application may be determined by a legal member sitting alone. The President is given the power to determine the membership of Panels within these requirements. The President may also decide that certain applications require a Panel comprising more than the minimum number of members. Paragraph 6 stipulates some of the procedure of the Panels and provides that the President may give directions on other matters of detail, after consulting with the Council on Tribunals. Paragraph 9 places the Gender Recognition Panels under the supervision of the Council on Tribunals. The Council will keep the constitution and working of the Panels under review, and their comments on the administration of the Panels will be included in an annual report which is laid before Parliament by the Lord Chancellor, and before the Scottish Parliament by Scottish Ministers. Paragraphs 10 and 11 provide that Panel members may not become members of the House of Commons or the Northern Ireland Assembly. The disqualification from the House of Commons automatically applies also to the Welsh Assembly. It is envisaged that a similar disqualification will apply for the Scottish Parliament and that this will be effected through an Order in Council. Section 2: Determination of applications 14.     The criteria for a successful application under section 1(1)(a) ('living in the other gender') are set out in subsection (1): the applicant must have, or have had, gender dysphoria; have lived in the acquired gender for at least two years before making the application; intend to continue to live in the acquired gender for the rest of his or her life; and provide the evidence required by or under section 3. 15.     Subsection (2) provides that applications made under section 1(1)(b) must be granted if the evidence requirements are met and if the Panel is satisfied that the gender change occurred under the law of an approved country or territory. Subsection (4) provides the Secretary of State with the power to prescribe what is an approved country or territory for this purpose. This power will be used to prescribe those countries that have recognition criteria which are at least as rigorous as those in the Act. Section 3: Evidence 16.     This stipulates what evidence must be provided as part of an application for a gender recognition certificate. Subsections (1) to (3) set out what medical evidence is needed for an application on the basis of 'living in the other gender' (section 1(1)(a)). There must be a report from a registered medical practitioner, or a chartered psychologist, either of whom must be practising in the field of gender dysphoria. This report must include details of diagnosis. The second report need not be from a medical professional practising in the field of gender dysphoria, but could be from any registered medical practitioner. At least one of the reports must include details of any treatment that the applicant has undergone, is undergoing or that is prescribed or planned, for the purposes of modifying sexual characteristics. 17.     Under subsection (4), an application must also include a statutory declaration by the applicant, stating that the applicant meets the conditions as to having lived in the acquired gender for at least two years and intending to continue to do so. 18.     Subsection (5) provides that for applications under section 1(1)(b), having changed gender under the law of another country or territory, evidence of this change is required. 19.     There are also some evidence provisions shared by both types of application, and these are set out in subsection (6). Hence, an application must include a statutory declaration as to whether or not the applicant is married. Subsection (6)(b) provides the Secretary of State with the power to specify, in effect, the further content of an application form. Hence, for example, an application will need to include details of name, date of birth, and correspondence address. This will be done by way of an order. Subsection (6)(c)provides the Panel with the flexibility to specify other evidence that will enable them better to determine whether the applicant meets the criteria for a successful application. The Panel must provide reasons for requiring any further information or evidence (subsection (8)). Subsection (6) also provides the applicant with the right to supply other evidence pertaining to the criteria. When the Panels have been established there will be notes for applicants clarifying what evidence the Panel will regard as useful for satisfying the criteria set out in section 2. Section 4: Successful applications 20.     This stipulates that where a Panel has granted an application, it must issue a gender recognition certificate to the applicant. If the applicant is married, the certificate will be an interim gender recognition certificate. Subsection (4) brings Schedule 2 into effect. Schedule 2 provides that, in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the fact that an interim gender recognition certificate has been issued to either party to a marriage is a ground for that marriage being voidable. Proceedings for dissolution on this basis must be begun within six months of the issue of the interim certificate. In Scotland, on account of differences in marriage law, the grant of an interim certificate will provide a ground for divorce, rather than make the marriage voidable. Section 5: Subsequent issue of full certificates 21.     Subsection (1) provides that where a court ends a marriage on the ground that an interim gender recognition certificate has been issued to one party, it must also issue a full gender recognition certificate to that party. However, under the remaining provisions of this section, if the marriage is dissolved or annulled on some other ground, in proceedings started within six months of the grant of an interim gender recognition certificate, or if the spouse of the person to whom an interim certificate has been issued dies within this period, the person with the interim certificate may apply again to the Panel within six months of the date on which the marriage comes to an end and the Panel must issue a full certificate if satisfied that the applicant is no longer married. Section 6: Errors in certificates 22.     This makes provision for the correction of a gender recognition certificate. The application for correction may be made by either the person to whom the certificate was issued or the Secretary of State. It must go to either the Panel or the court, depending on who issued the certificate. An application for a correction will be granted and a corrected certificate issued if the Panel or court is satisfied that the certificate contains an error. Section 7: Applications: supplementary 23.     Subsection (1) allows the Secretary of State to specify the form and manner of applications to the Gender Recognition Panel, for example how and where the application is to be made, after consultation with the Scottish Ministers and the Department of Finance and Personnel in Northern Ireland. 24.     Subsection (2) makes provision for an application fee, the amount of which will be prescribed by order by the Secretary of State and which may differ according to circumstances. The fee will not be refundable. Section 8: Appeals etc. 25.     This provides the applicant with a right of appeal on a point of law to the High Court, or Court of Session in Scotland, and subsection (5) provides the Secretary of State with the right to refer a case to the High Court or Court of Session if he considers that the grant of an application was secured by fraud. 26.     Subsection (4) stipulates that if an application under section 1(1) is rejected the applicant may not make a further application until six months have elapsed. Section 9: General 27.     Subsection (1) states the fundamental proposition that once a full gender recognition certificate is issued to an applicant, the person's gender becomes for all purposes the acquired gender, so that an applicant who was born a male would, in law, become a woman for all purposes. She would, for example, be entitled to protection as a woman under the Sex Discrimination Act 1975; and she would be considered to be female for the purposes of section 11(c) of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973, and so able to contract a valid marriage with a man. 28.     Subsection (2) provides amplification of subsection (1), making clear that the recognition is not retrospective, so the certificate does not rewrite the gender history of the transsexual person, and that the new gender applies for the interpretation of enactments, instruments and documents made before as well as after the issue of a certificate. 29.     Subsection (3) means that the general proposition is subject to exceptions made by the remainder of the Act and, for the future, by any other enactment or subordinate legislation. Section 10: Registration 30.     This provides the mechanisms by which individuals who have received recognition in the acquired gender and who have a UK birth register entry will have new entries created to reflect the acquired gender. Subsection (4) brings Schedule 3 into effect. The UK has three Registrars General, covering England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. There is separate legislation covering the functions of each and hence Schedule 3 is divided into three parts. 31.     Paragraph 2 of Schedule 3 requires the Registrar General for England and Wales to create a Gender Recognition Register ("GRR"). This Register will not be open to public inspection or search. 32.     Paragraph 3 ensures that the issue of a gender recognition certificate obliges the Registrar General to make an entry in the GRR and to mark the original entry referring to the birth (or adoption) of the transsexual person to show that the original entry has been superseded. This will ensure that caution is exercised when an application is received for a certificate from the original birth (or adoption) record. If applicants for a birth certificate provide details of the name recorded on the birth certificate, they will be issued with a certificate from the birth record. If they supply the details recorded on the GRR, they will receive a certificate compiled from the entry in the GRR. The mark linking the two entries will be chosen carefully to ensure that the fact that an entry is contained in the GRR is not apparent. The mark will not be included in any certificate compiled from the entries on the register. 33.     Paragraph 4 provides that the annual index to birth records will include entries relating to the GRR. Such entries will be recorded in the index in the year in which the new record is created. The entry for a transsexual person's birth record will remain in the index for the year in which the birth was originally registered. The index will not disclose the fact that an entry relates to a record in the GRR. 34.     Paragraphs 5 and 6 make provision for certified copies to be made of any entry in the GRR and to be issued to anyone who would be entitled to a certified copy of the original entry relating to the transsexual person. They ensure that it will not be apparent from the certified copy that it is compiled from the GRR. Such certificates will look the same as any other birth (or adoption) certificate. 35.     Paragraph 7 gives the Register General the same power to re-register a birth recorded in the GRR to show a person as the father as a registrar would have under section 10 of the Births and Deaths Registration Act 1953. Paragraph 8 gives the Registrar General the power to correct an entry in the GRR in the same way as the original entry could be corrected. 36.     Paragraph 9 provides for any entry in the GRR, or mark relating to that entry in the original register, to be cancelled if the gender recognition certificate is revoked.Paragraph 10 provides that a certified copy of an entry in the GRR will have the same evidential value as a certified copy of the entry in the original register. 37.     Paragraph 11 gives the Chancellor of the Exchequer an express power to make an order amending Part 1 of Schedule 3 in consequence of any order made under the Regulatory Reform Act 2001 which includes provisions in relation to the system of registration of births and adoptions in England and Wales. Any order made by the Chancellor under this paragraph must, by section 24(3) of the Act, be made by the affirmative resolution procedure. An order is expected to be made under the Regulatory Reform Act to reform the legislation relating to the registration of births, marriages and deaths. Because of the restrictions contained in the Regulatory Reform Act (which prevent an order made under that Act reforming any law passed less than two years before the order is made) it will not be possible for that order to contain provisions amending Schedule 3. Without the power conferred by paragraph 11, either the order would have to be delayed, or the GRR would need to be kept in the 'old' format even though the format of other registers had been updated. 38.     Parts 2 and 3 of Schedule 3 make equivalent provision in relation to Scotland and Northern Ireland. Section 11: Marriage 39.     This gives effect to Schedule 4. 40.     Paragraphs 1 and 2 of Schedule 4 adjust the restrictions on marriage under section 1 of the Marriage Act 1949. There are, for example, restrictions on marriage between a woman and her ex-husband's father. The adjustments made here will mean that where one party to the marriage is regarded as being of the acquired gender, the restrictions cover relationships flowing from any previous marriage in the birth gender, i.e. a woman who is a male-to-female transsexual person may not marry her ex-wife's father. This provision is mirrored for Scotland in paragraph 7 and for Northern Ireland in paragraph 8. 41.     Paragraph 3 amends the Marriage Act 1949 to provide an additional exception to the obligation on clergy in the Church of England and the Church in Wales to solemnise marriages. A clergyman will not be obliged to marry a person he reasonably believes to have changed gender under the Act. No such provision is needed for Northern Ireland or Scotland as there is no obligation to solemnise marriages on the clergy of churches in those jurisdictions. 42.     Paragraphs 4 to 6 amend the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 so that if at the time of a marriage one party to the marriage did not know that the other was previously of another gender, the former may seek to annul the marriage. Equivalent provision is made for Northern Ireland in paragraphs 9 to 11. Scotland does not have the same concept of voidable marriage. Section 12: Parenthood 43.     This provides that though a person is regarded as being of the acquired gender, the person will retain their original status as either father or mother of a child. The continuity of parental rights and responsibilities is thus ensured. Section 13: Social security benefits and pensions 44.     This brings Schedule 5 into effect. 45.     Paragraphs 3 to 6 of Schedule 5 are designed to ensure that transsexual people are treated according to their acquired gender in so far as certain survivor's benefits are concerned. The benefits in question are Widowed Mother's Allowance, Widow's Pension, Widowed Parent's Allowance, Incapacity Benefit and Category A retirement pension. 46.     Under Paragraph 3 where, immediately before a full certificate is issued, a female-to-male transsexual person with dependant children is, or but for the absence of a claim would be, entitled to Widowed Mother's Allowance under section 37 of the 1992 Act (as defined in paragraph 2(1) of Schedule 5), that person will not be entitled to that Allowance after the certificate is issued. The reason for this is that Widowed Mother's Allowance is gender specific and it must therefore be brought to an end on legal recognition as a man. Widowed Parent's Allowance will be available instead to such a person in accordance with the normal rules. Under sub-paragraph (2) of paragraph 3 it will not be necessary to make a claim for Widowed Parent's Allowance where the person is entitled to Widowed Mother's Allowance immediately before the full certificate is issued. 47.     Paragraph 4 ensures that where, immediately before a full certificate is issued, a female-to-male transsexual person is entitled to a Widow's Pension under section 38 of the 1992 Act, that person will not be entitled to that Pension after the certificate is issued. Widow's Pension is gender specific and must therefore also be brought to an end on legal recognition as a man. 48.     Under paragraph 5 where, immediately before a full certificate is issued, a male-to-female transsexual person is, or but for the absence of a claim would be, entitled to Widowed Parent's Allowance under section 39A of the 1992 Act, that person will continue to be eligible for that Allowance after the certificate is issued. Widowed Parent's Allowance is gender neutral. 49.     Paragraph 6 ensures that where, immediately before a full certificate is issued, a person is entitled to Incapacity Benefit, or a Category A retirement pension, under section 40 or 41 of the 1992 Act (which provisions are gender specific), that person will not be so entitled after the certificate is issued. 50.     Paragraphs 7 to 12 deal with Retirement Pensions. At present, there are differences in the treatment of men and women for the purposes of Retirement Pensions. The main difference is that men reach pensionable age at 65, while women reach pensionable age at 60. These inequalities will begin to disappear from April 2010, but the equalisation process will not be complete until 2020. 51.     Paragraph 7 relates to Category A pensions. Category A pensions are derived from the pensioner's own National Insurance contributions. Sub-paragraph (1) sets out the general provision that any question as to current or future entitlement to a Category A pension after the full gender recognition certificate is issued shall be determined on the basis of the transsexual person's new gender. That entitlement is to be calculated on the basis that the transsexual person's gender had always been the acquired gender. This ensures that, for instance, a man who becomes a woman will be assessed using the working life appropriate to a woman. 52.     Sub-paragraph (2) makes clear that where a woman who is in receipt of a Category A pension changes gender before the age of 65 (i.e. the age when men can get a Retirement Pension) then entitlement to that pension will cease (a new claim for a Category A pension can be made as a man at age 65). 53.     Sub-paragraph (3) provides that where a man changes gender and at the time he is under 65, but has attained the age at which a woman reaches pensionable age, for the purpose of determining entitlement to a Category A pension, that person will be treated as attaining the pensionable age for a woman when the full gender recognition certificate is issued. 54.     Sub-paragraph (4) makes an exception to sub-paragraph (1). It provides that in determining entitlement in accordance with sub-paragraph (1), any      (a) National Insurance contributions that have been paid or credited      (b) earnings that have been credited, and      (c) entitlement to Home Responsibilities Protection      will not be affected by the gender change. 55.     Paragraph 8 deals with Category B pensions (and increases to Category A pensions resulting from entitlement to Category B pensions). Category B pensions are based on the contributions of a spouse or former spouse. At present married women, widows and widowers can derive entitlement to Category B pensions. From 2010 Category B pensions will become available to married men and in addition current differences in the rules for widows and widowers will be addressed. Currently sections 48A and 51A of the 1992 Act apply only to married women, section 48B applies only to widows and section 51 only to widowers. Sections 48BB and 52 apply equally to men and women. 56.     Sub-paragraph (1) sets out the general provision that any question as to current or future entitlement to a Category B pension or an increase to a Category A pension shall be determined on the basis of the transsexual person's acquired gender after the full gender recognition certificate is issued. 57.     Sub-paragraph (2), in conjunction with sub-paragraph (1) provides that where a woman is entitled to a Category B pension or an increase in her Category A pension then, if she changes gender, she may lose it. This would happen where it would not be available to a man in the same circumstances. Examples of this occurring include where immediately before the full gender recognition certificate is issued: (a) she has not attained the age of 65; or (b) she is bereaved before her 65th birthday, which falls before 6th April 2010, and her late spouse had died (after 6 April 1979) before reaching pensionable age; or (c) she is bereaved and her spouse died before 6th April 1979. 58.     Sub-paragraph (3) provides that where a man changes gender and at the time he is under 65, but has attained the age at which a woman reaches pensionable age, for the purpose of determining entitlement to a Category B pension, that person will be treated as attaining the pensionable age for a woman when the full gender recognition certificate is issued. 59.     Sub-paragraph (4) provides that a man who changes gender cannot get a Category B pension on the grounds of having been widowed if he would not have been entitled to one as a widower under section 51 of the 1992 Act. 60.     Paragraph 9 deals with shared additional pensions, which can derive from a pension sharing order granted when a marriage is dissolved. 61.     Sub-paragraph (1) provides that any question relating to entitlement to, or the rate of, a shared additional pension shall be determined on the basis of the transsexual person attaining pensionable age on the same date as someone of the acquired gender and at the same age. 62.     Sub-paragraph (2) makes clear that where a woman who is in receipt of a shared additional pension changes gender before the age of 65 then entitlement to that pension will cease (a new claim can be made as a man at age 65). 63.     Sub-paragraph (3) provides that where a man changes gender and at the time he is under 65, but has attained the age at which a woman reaches pensionable age, for the purpose of determining entitlement to a shared additional pension, that person will be treated as attaining the pensionable age for a woman when the full gender recognition certificate is issued. 64.     Paragraph 10 deals with deferment of Category A and B pensions and of shared additional pensions. Where a person defers claiming such a pension immediately on reaching pensionable age, he shall get an increase in the pension when it is claimed. This paragraph provides that for any period of deferral before a full gender recognition certificate is issued, the deferral for that period will only be effective if it could also have been made in the acquired gender. 65.     Paragraph 11 relates to Category C pensions. These are payable to people who were over pensionable age on 5th July 1948 or their wives or widows (if they are over pensionable age). There are still some pensioners getting Category C pensions and for consistency paragraph 11 provides that if a Category C pension is in payment to a married woman or widow then this should be divested on a gender change (as the pension is not available in the same circumstances to men). 66.     Paragraphs 12 and 13 deal with graduated retirement benefit. Employees could accrue entitlement to this benefit based on earnings between April 1961 and April 1975. There are different rules for men and women at present. These provisions enable amendments to be made to regulations to take account of a person changing gender. 67.     Paragraph 14 sets out how entitlement to a Guaranteed Minimum Pension ("GMP") under the Pension Schemes Act 1993 will be affected when a full gender recognition certificate is issued to a person. The Pension Schemes Act 1993 provides that pensionable age in respect of men is 65 and in respect of women is 60. This difference in pensionable age also affects the accrual rate of GMPs. 68.     Sub-paragraph (1) states that for this paragraph "the 1993 Act" means the Pension Schemes Act 1993. 69.     Sub-paragraph (2) provides that the amount of a person's accrued GMP entitlement will continue to be determined by reference to the person's birth gender. This is necessary because a person's entitlement to a GMP, like scheme benefits, has already accrued in the past and it is a general principle of the Act that the issue of a full gender recognition certificate should not affect events that occurred before its issue. The exception to this is that any increases in the GMP derived from revaluation under section 16 of the 1993 Act will be calculated by reference to a person's GMP pensionable age after the issuing of the full gender recognition certificate. 70.     Sub-paragraph (3) provides that a woman's entitlement to a GMP will cease if she changes gender and she is under 65. The person's GMP pensionable age will become 65 and so entitlement to a GMP will commence again when they become 65. The anti-franking requirements set out in Chapter 3 of Part 4 of the Pension Schemes Act will also apply when the person becomes 65. Anti-franking applies where a person, with a contract of employment ending before 1st June 1985, left a pension scheme before pensionable age. It ensures that any indexation or revaluation of GMP does not erode scheme benefits. Instead, any increase is added to the total scheme benefits. Sub-paragraph (4) provides that where a person's GMP ceases under paragraph (3) then any pension already paid is not to be affected. Where a woman had been entitled to a GMP but deferred payment of it then any increases to the GMP because of the deferral will be added to their GMP when they become 65. 71.     Sub-paragraph (5) provides that where a man who is aged at least 60 but has not reached 65 changes gender then he will be treated as attaining GMP pensionable age when the full gender recognition certificate is issued. 72.     Sub-paragraph (6) provides that where a person changes gender after the age of 65 then their pensionable age for GMP purposes is not affected. As a result such a person's GMP will not be affected by their change of gender. 73.     Sub-paragraph (7) makes provision for a person's entitlement to a widow's or widower's GMP to continue following a change of gender. A widow's or widower's GMP will still only be payable to that person where the conditions regarding entitlement are satisfied. 74.     Sub-paragraph (8) provides that where a person's GMP has been secured by an insurance policy or annuity in accordance with section 19 of the Pension Schemes Act 1993, then the issuing of a full gender recognition certificate will not affect the terms of that insurance policy or annuity contract. 75.     Paragraph 15 makes parallel provision in relation to the Pension Schemes (Northern Ireland) Act 1993 . 76.     Paragraph 16 deals with Equivalent Pension Benefits. These accrued between 1961 and 1975, in place of Graduated Retirement Benefit, for those individuals who had private pensions. The legislation operates differently in respect of men and women. This provision enables modifications to be made to take account of a person's change of gender. Paragraph 17 makes a parallel provision in respect of Equivalent Pension Benefits of Northern Ireland.

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REINO UNIDO: Mulher transexual ganha transferência para prisão feminina

Disponível em: http://portugalgay.pt

Acesso em: 09.10.2009, às 21H05


O High Court de Londres julgou que a recusa de transferência de uma transexual detida para uma prisão feminina constituía uma violação dos seus direitos humanos.

A prisioneira, que cumpre uma pena de prisão perpétua por assassínio e tentativa de violação cometidos quando ainda não se tinha assumido, tinha sido impedida de se transferir para uma prisão feminina pelo secretário da defesa Jack Straw.

Mas o tribunal considerou tal atitude como lesiva dos direitos da detida segundo a convenção europeia de direitos humanos.

O género feminino da detida foi reconhecido conforme o Gender Recognition Act de 2004 e os seus documentos alterados de acordo com a situação.

A detida não foi submetida a uma CRS, embora tenha feito a remoção da pilosidade facial por laser e tenha desenvolvido peito através do tratamento hormonal.

Espera-se que a transferência seja efectivada em poucas semanas.

STJ: DECISÃO SOBRE AVERBAÇÃO NO REGISTRO CIVIL APÓS MUDANÇA DE SEXO

Mudança de sexo. Averbação no registro civil. 1. O recorrido quis seguir o seu destino, e agente de sua vontade livre procurou alterar no seu registro civil a sua opção, cercada do necessário acompanhamento médico e de intervenção que lhe provocou a alteração da natureza gerada. Há uma modificação de fato que se não pode comparar com qualquer outra circunstância que não tenha a mesma origem. O reconhecimento se deu pela necessidade de ferimento do corpo, a tanto, como se sabe, equivale o ato cirúrgico, para que seu caminho ficasse adequado ao seu pensar e permitisse que seu rumo fosse aquele que seu ato voluntário revelou para o mundo no convívio social. Esconder a vontade de quem a manifestou livremente é que seria preconceito, discriminação, opróbrio, desonra, indignidade com aquele que escolheu o seu caminhar no trânsito fugaz da vida e na permanente luz do espírito. 2. Recurso especial conhecido e provido. (REsp 678.933/RS, Rel. Ministro CARLOS ALBERTO MENEZES DIREITO, TERCEIRA TURMA, julgado em 22/03/2007, DJ 21/05/2007 p. 571)

STF: DECISÃO SOBRE MUDANÇA DE SEXO

DECISÃO: Vistos, etc. Trata-se de recursos extraordinários, interpostos pelo Município de Vitória/ES e pela União, com fundamento na alínea “a” do inciso III do art. 102 da Constituição Federal, contra acórdão da Turma Recursal dos Juizados Especiais Federais, da Seção Judiciária do Espírito Santo. Acórdão cuja ementa é a seguinte (fls. 193): “CONSTITUCIONAL. ADMINISTRATIVO. DIREITO À SAÚDE. ACOMPANHAMENTO CLÍNICO E PSICOLÓGICO DESTINADO A AFERIR A VIABILIDADE DE CIRURGIA DE TRANSGENITALIZAÇÃO. COMISSÃO MULTIDISCIPLINAR. INTERRUPÇÃO. ALEGADOS ÓBICES AO PROSSEGUIMENTO. INCONSISTÊNCIA. CARÁTER TERAPÊUTICO. PROTEÇÃO À VIDA E À DIGNIDADE DA PESSOA HUMANA, GARANTIA DE TRAMENTO ISONÔMICO. REVISÃO DE MÉRITO ADMINISTRATIVO. IMPERTINÊNCIA RECURSO PARCIALMENTE PROVIDO. 1. Consagração da saúde como direito fundamental da pessoa humana, evidenciada pelos artigos 196 e seguintes da Constituição da República de 1988. Solidariedade entre os Réus, todos legitimados, quanto à gestão das políticas de saúde e à responsabilidade pela sua implementação. Competência da Justiça Federal. 2. Os fatos e fundamentos apresentados pelos Réus revelam-se frágeis, incapazes de justificar a interrupção do programa experimental previamente desenvolvido pelo HUCAM e ao qual se encontrava o Autor devidamente cadastrado. 3. Conforme propriamente delineado, não há que se falar, no caso concreto, em revisão do mérito administrativo ou interferência indevida do Poder Judiciário sobre o juízo discricionário da Administração Pública, impondo-se, por seu turno, a proteção à vida e à dignidade da pessoa humana, bem como a restauração da isonomia, claramente comprometida em fundação da interrupção do programa, dotado de finalidade terapêutica, não estética. 4. Recurso conhecido e parcialmente provido, para condenar os Réus, solidariamente, a prosseguir o acompanhamento do paciente previamente cadastrado, a ser empreendido por Comissão Multidisciplinar adequadamente composta, a quem caberá emitir o parecer a cerca da adequação física e psicológica necessária para a realização da cirurgia, a ser realizada, no caso da conclusão em sentido positivo, no HUCAM, em outro hospital público (porventura provido de melhores recursos) ou mesmo em estabelecimento privado, às expensas do SUS. 5. Sem condenação em custas ou honorários.” 2. Pois bem, o Município de Vitória alega, em síntese, violação aos arts. 6º, 196 e 200 da Constituição Federal; e a União, ao art. 2º, ao caput do art. 37 e ao inciso I do art. 198, todos da Carta Magna. 3. A Procuradoria-Geral da República, em parecer da lavra do Subprocurador-Geral Wagner de Castro Mathias Netto, opina pelo provimento dos apelos extremos. 4. Tenho que os recursos não merecem acolhida. De saída, observo que os arts. 6º, caput do art. 37 e 200 da Constituição da República não foram objetos de análise pelo aresto impugnado, não havendo sido opostos embargos declaratórios para suprir eventual omissão. É dizer: no ponto, o recurso carece do indispensável prequestionamento (Súmulas 282 e 356 do STF). 5. Quanto à questão de fundo, observo que entendimento diverso do adotado pelo aresto impugnado exigiriam o reexame da legislação infraconstitucional pertinente, bem como a análise do conjunto fático-probatório dos autos (Súmula 279 do STF), providências vedadas na instância extraordinária. 6. À derradeira, anoto que o acórdão recorrido afina com a jurisprudência desta colenda Corte no tocante à extensão do direito à saúde. Confiram-se, a propósito, os REs 195.192, da relatoria do Ministro Marco Aurélio; 223.835, da relatoria do Ministro Ilmar Galvão; e 271.286-AgR, da relatoria do Ministro Celso de Mello. Isso posto, e frente ao caput do art. 557 do CPC e ao § 1o do art. 21 do RI/STF, nego seguimento aos recursos. Publique-se. Brasília, 28 de agosto de 2009. Ministro CARLOS AYRES BRITTO Relator 1 1

(RE 573061, Relator(a): Min. CARLOS BRITTO, julgado em 28/08/2009, publicado em DJe-175 DIVULG 16/09/2009 PUBLIC 17/09/2009)

TII – C3: TEORIA DOS SUJEITOS DA RELAÇÃO JURÍDICA

DISCIPLINA: TEORIA DO DIREITO CIVIL

Assunto: “TII – C3: TEORIA DOS SUJEITOS DA RELAÇÃO JURÍDICA”

BIBLIOGRAFIA.

1. Pietro Perlingieri. El derecho civil en la legalidad consitucional, Cap. XVI e XVII, p. 691-791; 2. Gustavo Tepedino. Temas de direito civil, Cap. 2, p. 23-71; 3. Carlos Alberto da Mota Pinto. Teoria geral do direito civil, p. 191-328; 4. José Jairo Gomes, Teoria geral do direito civil, Cap. 2 a 6, p. 43-192.

1. Introdução

1.1. Justificativa do tema

1.2. Problemas relevantes

1.3. Roteiro

2. Noções preambulares

2.1. Sujeito de direito

2.2. Personalidade jurídica

2.3. Capacidade jurídica

2.3.1. Capacidade de agir ou de gozo

2.3.2. Incapacidade

3. Situações subjetivas e ordem civil

3.1. Introdução: situações subjetivas existenciais e patrimoniais

3.2. A realização da personalidade entre a responsabilidade civil e a prevenção

3.2. A tutela da pessoa como princípio geral da ordem civil

3.3. A força do direito na tutela das situações existenciais

3.4. Direitos da personalidade da pessoa jurídica

3.5. Direito à saúde e os instrumentos individuais e coletivos de tutela

3.6. Tutela da integridade psicofísica

3.7. Heterogeneidade, graduação da incapacidade psíquica e os diferentes estatutos protetores

3.8. Melhor idade igualdade e solidariedade social

3.9. Direito à qualidade de vida e ao meio ambiente saudável

3.10. O princípio da precaução e a tutela do meio ambiente

3.11. Atos de disposição do próprio corpo

3.12. Troca de sexo e a tutela do livre desenvolvimento da personalidade

3.13. Inseminação artificial e manipulação genética

3.14. Privacidade das relações familiares

3.15. Direitos morais do autor

3.16. Direito à informação

3.17. Direito à educação

3.18. Liberdade de ensino e liberdade de expressão do pensamento

3.19. Direito à moradia

4. Pessoa natural ou física

4.1. Generalidades

4.2. Noção

4.3. Acepções da palavra: indivíduo, pessoa e personalidade

4.4. Designações

4.5. Início da existência da personalidade

4.5.1. A pessoa humana em formação

4.5.2. Teorias explicativas

4.5.2.1. Teoria natalista

4.5.2.2. Teoria da personalidade condicional

4.5.2.3. Teoria concepcionista

4.5.2.4. Critica: a idéia de personalidade como subjetividade e sua superação

4.5.3. Os efeitos jurídicos da nidação

4.5.2. A concepção natural e assistida.

4.5.3. Natimorto

4.5.4. Xifópagos

4.5.5. O descarte de embriões e a pesquisa em células-tronco embrionárias: a Lei de Biossegurança e a ADI nº 3.510, do STF

4.5.6. Clonagem e os limites para a ciência: a proibição da clonagem humana para fins reprodutivos (L. 11.105/2005)

4.6. Registro de nascimento

4.6.1. Local

4.6.2. Prazo

4.6.3. Efeitos

4.6.4. Registro do natimorto

4.7. Status ou Situação Jurídica da Pessoa

4.7.1. Noção

4.7.2. Estado individual

4.7.3. Estado profissional

4.7.4. Estado familiar

4.7.5. Estado político

4.7.6. Ações de Estado

4.8. Capacidade

4.8.1. Noção

4.8.2. Distinções

4.8.2.1. entre capacidade e personalidade jurídica

4.8.2.2. entre capacidade e legitimação para dispor ou adquirir

4.8.2.3. entre legitimação e personalidade

4.8.3. Espécies de capacidade

4.8.3.1. de fato ou de exercício

4.8.3.2. de direito ou de gozo

4.8.4. Critérios de fixação da capacidade

4.8.4.1. Critério de idade

4.8.4.2. Critério da integridade psíquica

4.8.4.3. O complexo de “Tex Willer” e que o homem brasileiro chama de silvícola

4.8.5. Incapacidade

4.8.5.1. Noção

4.8.5.2. Classificação

4.8.5.2.1. Absoluta

4.8.5.2.2. Relativa

4.8.5.3. Causas de superação da incapacidade

4.8.5.3.1. Representação

4.8.5.3.2. Assistência

4.8.5.3.3. Emancipação

4.9. Fim da existência da pessoa física

4.9.1. Noção

4.9.2. Espécies de morte

4.9.2.1. Real

4.9.2.2. Presumida

4.9.2.3. Simultânea ou  comoriência

4.9.3. Consentimento informado e testamentos vitais

4.9.4. O direito à morte digna

4.9.5. Objeção de consciência

5. Pessoa jurídica

5.1. Generalidades

5.2. Conceito

5.3. Designações

5.4. Classificação legal

5.4.1. de direito público

5.4.1.1. interno

5.4.1.1.1. União

5.4.1.1.2. Estados, Distrito Federal e Territórios

5.4.1.1.3. Municípios

5.4.1.1.4. Autarquias

5.4.1.1.5. Demais entes de direito público criadas por lei

5.4.1.2. externo

5.4.1.2.1. Estados estrangeiros

5.4.1.2.2. Pessoas regidas pelo direito internacional público

5.4.2. de direito privado

5.4.2.1. associações

5.4.2.2. sociedades

5.4.2.3. fundações

5.4.2.4. organizações religiosas

5.4.2.5. partidos políticos

5.5. Natureza jurídica

5.5.1. ficção legal

5.5.2. objetiva

5.6. Início da existência

5.6.1. Noção

5.6.2. Espécies de registros:

5.6.2.1. Registro Comum

5.6.2.2. Registro Especial

5.6.2.3. Registro Administrativo

5.6.2.4. Registro de sociedade profissional

5.6.3. Dados mínimos do ato constitutivo

5.7. Desconsideração da personalidade.

5.7.1. Noção

5.7.2. Base legal

5.7.3. Situações jurídicas autorizadoras

5.7.3.1. abuso da personalidade

5.7.3.2. desvio de finalidade

5.7.3.3. confusão patrimonial

5.8. Direitos da personalidade

5.9. Entes sem personalidade

5.10. Classificação das Pessoas Jurídicas

5.10.1. Quanto à composição

5.10.1.1. Colegiadas

a) composto

b) complexo

5.10.1.2. Monocráticas

5.10.2. Quanto à estrutura

5.10.2.1. De caráter pessoal

5.10.2.2. De caráter patrimonial

5.10.3. Quanto à finalidade econômica:

5.10.3.1. De fins econômicos

5.10.3.2. De fins não econômicos

5.11. Sociedade Civil.

5.11.1. Caracterização

5.11.2. Constituição

5.11.3. Requisitos do contrato social

5.11.4. Classificação

5.11.4.1. Sociedade empresária

5.11.4.2. Sociedade simples

5.12. Associações.

5.12.1. Caracterização:

5.12.2. Constituição

5.12.3. Requisitos do estatuto

5.12.4. Fim da associação

5.13. Fundações.

5.13.1. Caracterização

5.13.2. Constituição

5.13.3. Requisitos do estatuto

5.13.4. Fim da fundação

6. Domicílio

6.1. Generalidades

6.2. Noção

6.3. Distinção entre Domicílio e Residência

6.4. Princípio da pluralidade de domicílios

6.5. Alteração do domicílio

6.6. Classificação

6.6.1. Quanto à atividade desenvolvida

6.6.1.1. Geral

6.6.1.2. Especial

6.6.2. Quanto à natureza

6.6.2.1. Voluntário

a) por ato unilateral de vontade

b) por relação bilateral

6.6.2.2. Necessário

6.7. Cláusula de eleição de foro e contratos por adesão

6.7.1. Colocação do problema

6.7.2. Nos contratos com aderentes consumidores

6.7.3. Nos contratos com aderentes não consumidores